64 ．R.B.McDowell，Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution 1760-1801（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1979），pp.254，256，257；Maurice R．O'Connell，Irish Politics and Social Conflict in the Age of the American Revolution （Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，1965），pp.148，189，194；Butter-field，George Ⅲ，Lord North and the People ，p.103.
65 ．Butterfield，George Ⅲ，Lord North and the People ，pp.120-21；The Annual Register ，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America ，pp.318，440；Valentine，Lord North ，2：66.
66 ．Christie，Myth and Reality ，p.296；Christie，The End of North's Ministry ，p.259；John Norris，Shelburne and Reform （London：Macmillan，1963），pp.102，107，108.
67 ．Conway，The British Isles and the War of American Independence ，pp.51-55；Butterfield，George Ⅲ，Lord North and the People ，p.42；Daniel A．Baugh，“Why Did Britain Lose Command of the Sea During the War for America？” in The British Navy andthe Use of Naval Power in the Eighteenth Century ，ed.Jeremy Black and Philip Woodfine（Leicester：Leicester University Press，1988），pp.159，161；North to George Ⅲ，March 25，1778，Fortescue，Correspondence of King George the Third ，4：77.
68 ．Bickham，Making Headlines ，pp.7，14，22，29，49，51，185-206.
69 ．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：369，364；P.D.G.Thomas，The House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century （Oxford：Oxford University Press，1971），pp.41，234.
70 ．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：35；Walpole，Memoirs of the Reign of King George Ⅲ，4：143；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，1：533，537；Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：365.另见小皮特聘用的苏格兰经济学家James Anderson对诺思讲话的描述，Smith，The Early Career of Lord North ，p.127。
71 ．Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas ，1：237-238；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，2：94；Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas ，1：403；Don Cook，The Long Fuse ：How England Lost the American Colonies ，1760-1785（New York：Atlantic Monthly Press，1995），p.148；Lucas，Lord North ，2：99.
72 ．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：33，92.
73 ．Thomas，The House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century ，pp.1-2，114，125，127，174，244，262.
74 ．Edward Gibbon，Memoirs of My Life ，ed.Georges Bonnard（New York：Funk & Wagnalls，1966），p.156；Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，February 25，1775，Norton，Letters of Edward Gibbon ，3：29；Gibbon，Memoirs of My Life ，p.156；Gibbon quoted in Lucas，Lord North ，1：44.
75 ．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：101，1：367；Gibbon to Edward Eliot，June 20，1779，Norton，The Letters of Edward Gibbon ，3：219；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，p.486；see also pp.70，81，82，427-28.Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：33，34；see also Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson ，1：361；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，1：81.418；Thomas，The House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century ，p.221；Reich，British Friends of the American Revolution ，p.129；Guttridge，English Whiggism and the American Revolution ，pp.236-37.
76 ．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：238239；Historical Manuscripts Commission，17th Report，Lothian MSS.，p.351，cited in Guttridge，English Whiggism and the American Revolution ，p.109.
77 ．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，1：513；Stout，The Perfect Crisis ，p.173；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，2：387.
78 ．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：361，364.
79 ．Patrick K．O'Brien，“The Political Economy of British Taxation，1660-1815，”Economic History Review ，2d ser.，41，no.1（February 1988）：1-32；H.V.Bowen，War and British Society ，1688-1815（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1988），pp.17-33；Brewer，The Sinews of Power ，pp.89，91，114，116；Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：369370.
80 ．John Cannon，Lord North ：The Noble Lord in the Blue Ribbon （London：Historical Association，1970），p.14.
81 ．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：138-139.
82 ．Ibid.，pp.51-52，74，77.
83 ．Ibid.，p.160.
84 ．Christie，The End of North's Ministry ，pp.352-63；Olive Anderson，“The Role of the Army in Parliamentary Management During the American War of Independence，”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 34，no.140（December 1956）：147.Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：194.
85 ．Ibid.，p.242.
86 ．Ibid.，p.244；Lucas，Lord North ，2：144，145.Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：247.
87．Ibid.II，p.269.
88 ．Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas 1：180（February 24，1801）；Bodleian Library，North Papers，d19，f.19，quoted in Valentine，Lord North ，2：347；The Adams Papers ：Adams Family Correspondence ，ed.L.H.Butterfield，Richard Ryerson，and Margaret A．Hogan，10 vols.（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1963-），6：212-213，242.我为这些参考式谢艾迪斯•盖利斯和朱莉•弗拉维尔的协助。
89 ．“Letter of Lady Charlotte Lindsay on Lord North，”in Brougham，Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George Ⅲ，1：391；Memoirs of Richard Cumberland ：London 1806，ed.Henry Flanders（1856；repr.New York：Richard Bloom，1969），p.437；“Letter of Lady Charlotte Lindsay on Lord North，”in Brougham，Historical Sketches of Statesmen who Flourished in the Time of George Ⅲ，1：395.
90 ．Lucas，Lord North ，2：296-297；“Letter of Lady Charlotte Lindsay on Lord North，”in Brougham，Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George Ⅲ，1：392，395.
91 ．Brougham，Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George Ⅲ，1：396，397.
92 ．Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas ，1：61；Edward Legge to a friend，August 13，1790，Public Record Office，30/29/6，quoted in Smith，The Early Career of Lord North ，p.297.
93 ．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：146，3：71；Valentine，Lord North ，2：373；Cobbett and Hansard，Parliamentary History ，24：cols.987-97，1073，1143，1167，1202，quoted in Valentine，Lord North ，2：421.
第三章
1 ．对这次航行的介绍见 William B．Willcox，Portrait of a General ：Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence （New York：Knopf，1964），pp.36-39，43-44；Lieutenant William Fielding to Basil Fielding，earl of Denbigh，Boston，June 1775，The Lost War ：Letters from British Officers During The American Revolution ，ed.Marion Balderston and David Syrett（New York：Horizon Press，1975），p.29。
2 ．Ira D．Gruber，“George Ⅲ Chooses a Commander in Chief，”in Arms and Independence ：The Military Character of the American Revolution ，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1984），pp.166，170，171，172，174，181，182，188；The king's speech to his zhaiyuedu.com，June 21，1779 in The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox （From Volume VI of “Reports on Manuscripts in Various Collections ，”（1909；repr.Boston：Gregg Press，1972），pp.260-61.
3 ．The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），1：561；The Annual Register ，in Rebellion in America ：A Contemporary British Viewpoint ，1769-1783，ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Books，1979），p.223；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，ed.1：428；Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America 1754-1783，ed.R.C.Simmons and P．D.G.Thomas，6 vols.（Millwood，N.Y：Kraus International，1982-86），5：347，352；Paul David Nelson，General James Grant ：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida （Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），p.85；Neil Stout，The Perfect Crisis ：The Beginning of the Revolutionary War （New York：New York University Press，1976），p.177；Piers Mackesy，The War for America 1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），p.34.
4 ．The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage with the Secretaries of State ，and with the War Office and the Treasury 1763-1775，ed.Clarence Edwin Carter，2 vols.（1933；repr.Hamden，Conn.：Archon Books，1969），1：686-687；“Proceedings in Relation to the American Colonies，”in The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox ，p.257；Gage to Barrington，November 2，1774，in Carter，The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage ，2：658-59；John Richard Alden，General Gage in America ：Being Principally a History of His Role in the American Revolution （Baton Rouge：Louisiana State University Press，1948），pp.219-20；229-30；John Shy，“Thomas Gage：Weak Link of Empire，”in George Washington's Generals and Opponents ：Their Exploits and Leadership ，ed.George Athan Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：24-26.
5 ．The American Rebellion ：The Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns ，1775-1782，ed.William B．Willcox（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1954），p.18；Burgoyne to Lord Rochfort，n.d.（June 1775） in Edward Barrington De Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century ：Derived from the Life and Correspondence of the Right H ．John Burgoyne ，General ，Statesman ，Dramatist （London：Macmillan，1876），pp.137，142-43.
6 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.19；Mark Urban，Fusiliers ：The Saga of a British Redcoat Regiment in the American Revolution （New York：Walker，2007），p.39；Roger Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War from its Commencement to the Year 1783（Dublin：Wilkinson & Courtney，1809），pp.29，32-33；Paul Lockhart，The Whites of Their Eyes ：Bunker Hill ，the First American Army ，and the Emergence of George Washington （New York：Harper，2011），pp.215-16.
7 ．Lockhart，The Whites of Their Eyes ，pp.211，259，288，290，307，313-14；Willcox，The American rebellion ，p.19；Bellamy Partridge，Sir Billy Howe （New York：Longmans，Green，1932），p.3；Urban，Fusiliers ，p.43.Michael Pearson，Those Damned Rebels ：The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes （New York：Da Capo Press，1972），pp.100，105；Lamb，Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War ，p.29；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson ，Esq .，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971），2：194.
8 ．Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，September 4，1775，The Letters of Edward Gibbon ，ed.J.E.Norton，3 vols.（New York：Macmillan，1956），2：83；memorandum of John Burgoyne in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes ，p.129.
9 ．Burgoyne to General Hervey，June 14，1775；Burgoyne to Lord Rochfort，n.d（June 1775）；in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century ，pp.140，149.
10 ．Maya Jasanoff，Edge of Empire ：Lives ，Culture ，and Conquest in the East 1750-1850（New York：Knopf，2005），p.29.
11 ．Howard H．Peckham，The War for Independence ，rev.ed.（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1979），p.15；Urban，Fusiliers ，p.157.
12 ．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，p.433；The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall 1772-1784，ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers & Son，1884），2：42；The Earl and Countess Howe by Gainsborough ：A Bicentenary Exhibition ，ed.Anne French（London：English Heritage，1988），p.16；Charles Stedman，The History of the Origin ，Progress ，and Termination of The American War ，2 vols.（London：J.Murray，J.Debrett，and J．Kerby，1794），2：192.
13 ．Frances Vivian，“A Defence of Sir William Howe with a New Interpretation of his action in New Jersey，June 1777，”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 44，no.178（1966）：70；Margaret Stead，“Contemporary Responses in Print to the American Campaigns of the Howe Brothers，”in Britain and America Go to War ：The Impact of War and Warfare in Anglo-America ，1754-1815，ed.Julie Flavell and Stephen Conway（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，2004），p.122.
14 ．Lieutenant William Fielding to Basil Fielding，earl of Denbigh，November 20，1775，in Balderston and Syrett，The Lost War ，p.50.
15 ．Matthew H．Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only ：The British Army on Campaign in North America ，1775-1783（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，2008），pp.246，231-32，233；Stephen Brumwell，Redcoats ：The British Soldier and War in the Americas ，1755-1763（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2002），pp.231，232，233.
16 ．Edward E．Curtis，The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution （New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1926），p.4；Mackesy，The War for America ，p.78；Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence 1775-1783（London：Edward Arnold，1995），p.246；Germain to [Lord Suffolk]，[June 16 and 17，1775]，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House ，Northamptonshire ，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），2：2；Washington to Richard Henry Lee，December 26，1775，The Papers of George Washington ：Revolutionary War Series ，ed.W.W.Abbot，Philander D．Chase，Theodore Crackel，and Edward G．Lengel，20 vols.（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1985-），2：611.
17 ．John Creswell，British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century ：Tactics in Battle （Hamden，Conn.：Archon Books，1972），p.148；David Syrett，Admiral Lord Howe ：A Biography （Annapolis，Md.：Naval Institute Press，2006），pp.15-16.
18 ．Syrett，Admiral Lord Howe ，pp.19-20.
19 ．Ira D．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution （Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1972），pp.51-52；Partridge，Sir Billy Howe ，p.6；Benjamin Franklin to William Franklin，Journal of Negotiations in London，March 22，1775，The Papers of Benjamin Franklin ，ed.Leonard W．Labaree，William B．Willcox，Barbara Oberg，and Ellen R．Cohn，39 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1959-），21：572；Simmons and Thomas，Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America ，5：503，507.
