(182).Politbiuro i krest, ianstvo, pp.467–553; Viola, The Unknown Gulag , p.232.
(183).MP, f.4, op.9, d.5, ll.2–7.
(184).AMILO, M.A.Solomonik, ,Zapiski raskulachennoi, , ts., pp.7–34.
(185).Pravda , 7 November 1929.
(186).AFA, A.M.Alekseyev, ,Vospominaniia, , p.18.
(187).See e.g.GARF, f.9414, op.1, d.368, l.115.另可参考曾于1954—1957年担任诺里尔斯克采矿综喝企业主管的Aleksei Loginov的事硕评论，见于：A.Macqueen, ,Survivors, , Granta , 64（Winter 1998）
(188).关于古拉格制度的经典政治解释，参见：R.Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment（London,1992）, 以及同一作者的Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps（New York, 1978）。强调经济解释的则有：M
(189).Sistema ispravitel, no-trudovykh lagerei v SSSR, 1923–1960.Spravochnik （Moscow, 1998）, p.395;Applebaum, Gulag, pp.31–40.
(190).GARF, f.5446, op.11a, d.555, l.32; RGASPI, f.17, op.3, d.746, l.11; Sistema ispravitel, no-trudovykh lagerei v SSSR , p.38.
(191).GARF, f.9414, op.1, d.2920, l.178; Applebaum, Gulag , pp.62–5; C.Joyce, ,The Gulag in Karelia,1929–41, , in Gregory and Lazarev（eds.）, The Economics of Forced Labor , p.166; N.Ba
(192).MSP, f.3, op.19, d.2, ll.1–4.
(193).GARF, f.5515, op.33, d.11, ll.39–40; GASO, f.148, op.5, d.26, l.75.
(194).GARF, f.9414, op.1, d.3048, ll.25–36; V.Shalamov, Vishera: antiroman（Moscow, 1989）, p.23.
(195).D.Nordlander, ,Magadan and the Economic History of the Dalstroi in the 1930s, , in Gregory and Lazarev（eds.）, The Economics of Forced Labor , p.110.
(196).V.Shalamov, Kolyma Tales（London, 1994）, pp.368–9.沙拉莫夫于1937年抵达科雷马，他所写的有关别尔津时期的故事，多取材于劳改营中的传闻。
(197).MP, f.4, op.10, d.1, ll.1–4, 14–17.
(198).A.Barmine, One Who Survived: The Life Story of a Russian Under the Soviets（New York, 1945）, p.196.
(199).C.Ward, Stalin, s Russia（London, 1999）, p.56; A.Smith, I Was a Soviet Worker（London, 1937）, p.43.
(200).Interviews with Lydia Pukhova, St Petersburg, May, October 2004.
(201).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, ll.23–4, 26, 29; d.3, ll.20, 63–70.
(202).Y.Druzhnikov, Informer 001: The Myth of Pavlik Morozov（London, 1997）, pp.45–6, 155–6; C.Kelly,Comrade Pavlik: The Rise and Fall of a Soviet Boy Hero（London, 2005）, p.66.
(203).Druzhnikov, Informer , pp.19–20, 30–31, 42, 114, 152; Kelly, Comrade, pp.13, 94.查阅过秘密警察档案的Kelly，怀疑莫罗佐夫审判是否真有发生。在她看来，帕夫利克的举报全是警察和媒涕所镊造
(204).Kelly, Comrade, pp.26–72.
(205).Druzhnikov, Informer , pp.9–11; Kelly, Comrade, p.14.
(206).Kelly, Comrade, p.156 （为跪清晰，译文略有调整）.
(207).See ibid., pp.22, 26–9, 169–71.
(208).M.Nikolaev, Detdom（New York, 1985）, p.89.
(209).V.Danilov, Sovetskaia dokolkhoznaia derevnia: naselenie, zemlepol , zovanie, khoziaistvo （Moscow,1977）, p.25; P.Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mob
(210).Interviews with Nina Gribelnaia, St Petersburg, March, June, October 2004; AFSBTO, Arkhivnosledstvennoe delo F.Z.Medvedeva.
(211).Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p.295; Fitzpatrick, Stalin, s Peasants , p.256.
(212).Vskhody kommuny , 19 December 1932; K.Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia （Cambridge, Mass.,1968）, p.308 （为跪清晰，译文略有调整）.
(213).A.Mar, ian, Gody moi, kak soldaty: dnevnik sel, skogo aktivista, 1925–53 （Kishinev, 1987）, pp.55, 71,78–9.
(214).Cited in Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia , p.140.
(215).A.Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture, 1923–1939（Bloomington, 2006）, p.61.式谢A.Shternshis向我提供了她采访索菲亚的资料。
(216).V.Baevskii, ,Syn kulaka i vrag naroda: A.T.Tvardovskii v Smolenske v 1937 g., , in Stalinizm v rossiiskoi provinstii: smolenskie arkhivnye dokumenty v pochtenii zarubezhnykh i rossii
(217).Istoriia sovetskoi politicheskoi tsenzury（Moscow, 1997）, p.109; Baevskii, ,Syn kulaka, , pp.255–8.
(218).I.Tvardovskii, ,Stranitsy perezhitogo, , Iunost, , 1988, no.3, pp.14, 18.
(219).Ibid., p.23.
(220).Ibid., p.26.
(221).Ibid., p.27.
(222).E.Iaroslavskii（ed.）, Kak provodit, chistku partii （Moscow, 1929）, p.10.
(223).See S.Fitzpatrick, ,The Problem of Class Identity in NEP Society, , in S.Fitzpatrick, A.Rabinowitch and R.Stites（eds.）, Russia in the Era of NEP: Explorations in Soviet Society and
(224).G.Alexopoulos, ,Portrait of a Con Artist as a Soviet Man, , Slavic Review, vol.57, no.4（Winter 1998）,pp.774–90.See further, S.Fitzpatrick, ,Making a Self for the Times: Impersonat
(225).E.Bonner, Mothers and Daughters（London, 1992）, p.317.
(226).S.Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s（Oxford, 1999）, pp.118–38.
(227).Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia , pp.141–2.See further Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism , p.133.
(228).B.Engel and A.Posadskaya-Vanderbeck, A Revolution of their Own: Voices of Women in Soviet History（Boulder, 1997）, pp.29–32（translation slightly altered for clarity）.
(229).Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia , p.143; N.Novak-Decker（ed.）, Soviet Youth: Twelve Komsomol Histories（Munich, 1959）, p.99.
(230).RGALI, f.1814, op.10, d.339, l.6.
(231).RGALI, f.1814, op.10, d.339, l.3.
